Row

Each of the following graphs show the demographics of this population sample ( N = 774). We can see in Chart B that the majority of our sample is Mexican/Mexican American.

Row

Row

This sample had 459 identifying females, 305 males, and 10 transgender or other gender identifying individuals. Chart A shows that in this sample transgender and other gender identifying folks were largely on the younger side (18- ~30 years) for Mexican individuals and young to middle aged (20-60 years) for Dominican individuals. Charts A and B show Mexican/Mexican American individuals are also predominately 20 to 60 years old with more younger males than females. Puerto Rican individuals are predominately between 40 and 60 years old, with a higher proportion of older females. Dominicans were also on the younger side (20 - 40 years old) compared to Puerto Rican, other Hispanic, and Cuban individuals. And there is a larger proportion of other Hispanic female identifying individuals between 55 and 65 years of age compared to males. In addition, the frequency of male and female individuals identifying as other Hispanic and Cuban, seem to mirror each other, however, Cubans report (on the next page) worse health than the other Hipanic identifying group.

Row

Row

Row

In Chart C we can really see the differences in the number of participants belonging to each group. With percentages of each population reported in the Who column to your left. This was my first attempt at representing demographics for this group, and Charts A and B added more to the demographics, such as age and gender.

Row

Row

Chart A was the first graph I made looking at differences in the presence of a chronic health condition among diverse nationality subgroups of Hispanic/Latino(a) adults in this sample. I incorporated stress from discrimination experienced in the healthcare setting, to see the association between stress and the presence of a chronic health condition and how this varied for different Hispanic/Latino(a) subgroups. Chart A shows that Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Cuban individuals experience greater stress from health care discrimination and report having a chronic health condition more than other groups.

Row

Row

Chart B is my first attempt at displaying differences in the presence of a chronic health condition for varying Hispanic/Latino subgroups and nativity (US born vs. foreign born). But it’s hard to say with confidence which groups report more chronic health conditions than others with this graph.

Row

Row

Chart C is getting closer to being able to identify differences more easily. The y-axis is also set to a proportion and this adds to the ease of understanding proportional differences, but a side-by-side visual would be the best.

Row

Row

Charts C and D above are my resulting graphs and show that Hispanic/Latino individuals, identifying as Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Dominican born in the United States, experience higher reports of having a chronic health condition than foreign born individuals belonging to the same group. In other words, nationality is associated with the presence of a chronic health condition for US born participants, with the likelihood of a reported chronic disease higher than expected for Puerto Rican, Domincan, and Cuban individuals and lower than expected for Mexicans/Mexican Americans and ‘other’ identifying Hispanic/Latino individuals in this sample. Chart D shows the same information as Chart C, but in a way that allows you to compare group differences in health and nativity more easily.

Caution:

Correlation does not equal causation. Being born in the United States doesn’t cause some groups to have a chronic health condition more than others. There are many variables that have not been taken into consideration when evaluating the relationship between nationality, generation status, and health in this sample. Future research should look at other known issues related to negative health outcomes; such as income, age, lack of access to health care, and health care utilization. Referencing back to Page 1, Puerto Rican and Cuban individuals were largely older compared to some of the other groups (~40-80 years).

Row

Row

Chart E shows differences in the presence of a chronic health condition by insurance status: Uninsured, Public Insurance, and Private Insurance. I added group nationality in the bars to help see health differences between groups, but the focus of this graph was to primarily visualize the differences in health outcomes by insurance. However, for varying Hispanic/Latino(a) groups and the differences in health outcomes, we can really see that Cuban and Puerto Rican individuals report having a chronic health condition more than the other groups seemingly regardless of insurance status. I’d like to also note that for those identifying as ‘other’ Hispanic/Latino nationality, public health insurance may be a protective factor in their health. Future research should investigate this difference more to help encourage policy makers to see the value in and potential (statistically speaking) protective nature of public health insurance among diverse communities.

Row

Row